Linear Tape-Open

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LTO-2 cartridge

Linear Tape-Open (or LTO) is a magnetic tape data storage technology originally developed in the late 1990s as an open standards alternative to the proprietary magnetic tape formats that were available at the time. Seagate, Hewlett-Packard, and IBM initiated the LTO Consortium, which directs development and manages licensing and certification of media and mechanism manufacturers. The standard form-factor of LTO technology goes by the name Ultrium, the original version of which was released in 2000 and could hold 100 GB of data in a single cartridge. The most recent version was released in 2010 and can hold 1.5 TB in the same size cartridge. Since 2002, LTO has been the best selling "super tape" format and is widely used with small and large computer systems, especially for backup.

Contents

1 Historical context

2 Form factors

2.1 Accelis

2.2 Ultrium

3 Generations

3.1 LTO-2

3.2 LTO-3

3.3 LTO-4

3.4 LTO-5

3.5 Notes

3.6 Positioning times

3.7 Tape durability

4 Technical features

4.1 Leader pin

4.2 Linear Tape File System

4.3 LTO-CM

4.4 Tape layout

4.5 WORM

5 Cartridges

5.1 Cartridge colors

5.2 Labels

5.3 Erasing

6 Mechanisms

6.1 Cleaning

6.2 Compression

6.3 Encryption

6.4 Error detection and correction

7 Sales figures

8 References

9 External links

10 See also

[edit] Historical context

Half-inch (1/2") magnetic tape has been used for data storage for more than 50 years. In the mid 1980s, IBM and DEC put this kind of tape into a single reel, enclosed cartridge. IBM called their cartridge 3480 and DEC originally called theirs CompacTape, but later it was renamed DLT and sold to Quantum Corp. In the late 1990s, Quantum's DLT and Sony's Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT) were the leading options for high-capacity, high speed tape storage for PC servers and UNIX systems. Those technologies were and still are tightly controlled by their owners. Consequently, their availability was fairly limited and prices were relatively high.

IBM, HP and Seagate sought to counter this by introducing a more open format.[1] Much of the technology is an extension of the work done by IBM at its Tucson lab during the previous 20 years.[2]

Around the time of the release of LTO-1, Seagate's magnetic tape division was spun off as Seagate Removable Storage Solutions, later renamed Certance which, soon after, was acquired by Quantum.

[edit] Form factors

LTO technology was designed to come in two form factors, Ultrium and Accelis.[3] As of 2008, LTO Ultrium is very popular and there are no commercially available LTO Accelis drives or media.[4] In common usage, LTO generally refers only to the Ultrium form factor.

[edit] Accelis

Accelis was developed in 1997 for fast access to data by using a two-reel cartridge that loads at the midpoint of the 8 mm wide tape to minimize access time. IBM's (short-lived) 3570 Magstar MP product pioneered this concept. The real-world performance never exceeded that of the Ultrium tape format, so there was never a demand for Accelis and no drives or media were commercially produced.Accelis was not much successful as compared to ultrium.

[edit] Ultrium

LTO Ultrium was developed as a (more or less) drop-in replacement for DLT and has a similar design of 1/2" wide tape in a (slightly smaller) single reel cartridge. This made it easy for robotic tape library vendors to convert their DLT libraries into LTO libraries.

An Ultrium cartridge's dimensions are 102.0 x 105.4 x 21.5 (mm).

An Ultrium drive is expected to read data from a cartridge in its own generation and at least the two prior generations.

An Ultrium drive is expected to write data to a cartridge in its own generation and to a cartridge from the immediate prior generation in the prior generation format.

[edit] Generations

| Generation
Attribute | LTO-1 | LTO-2 | LTO-3 | LTO-4 | LTO-5 | LTO-6 | LTO-7 | LTO-8
Release Date | 2000 | 2003 | 2005 | 2007 | 2010 | TBA [5] | TBA | TBA
Native Data Capacity | 100 GB | 200 GB | 400 GB | 800 GB | 1.5 TB[6] | 3.2 TB[7] | 6.4 TB[5] | 12.8 TB[5]
Max Speed (MB/s) | 15 | 40 | 80 | 120 | 140 | 270[8] | 315[5] | 472[5]
Compression Capable? | Yes "2:1" | Planned "2.5:1" [5]
WORM Capable? | No | Yes | Planned
Encryption Capable? | No | Yes | Planned
Tape Thickness | 8.9 μm | 8 μm | 6.6 μm | 6.4 μm | | |
Tape Length | 609 m | 680 m | 820 m | 846 m | | |
Tape Tracks | 384 | 512 | 704 | 896 | 1280 | | |
Write Elements | 8 | 16 [6] | | |
Wraps per Band | 12 | 16 | 11 | 14 | 20[6] | | |
Linear Density (bits/mm) | 4880 | 7398 | 9638 | 13250 | 15142[9] | | |
Encoding | RLL 1,7 | PRML | | |

[edit] LTO-2

Doubled capacity and transfer speed

Switched to PRML encoding

First mechanisms approved in February 2003.[10] First media approved in March 2003.[11]

[edit] LTO-3

Doubled capacity and transfer speed again

Introduced WORM feature

Doubled number of write elements in head

First media approved in November 2004.[12]

[edit] LTO-4

Doubled capacity again to 800 GB.

Added 256-bit AES-GCM drive level encryption.

Increase data transfer rate.

First mechanisms approved in April 2007.[13] First media approved in May 2007.[14]

[edit] LTO-5

The current draft has the following specifications:[15][16]

Capacity of 1.5 TB (1500 GB)

Uncompressed data transfer rate of 140 MB/s

Specifications announced January 19, 2010

The first LTO-5 drives appeared on the market in Q2, 2010 [17]

[edit] Notes

Data Capacity and Speed figures above are for uncompressed data. Most manufacturers list compressed capacities on their marketing material. Capacities are often stated on tapes as double the actual value; they assume that data will be compressed with a 2:1 ratio (IBM uses a 3:1 compression ratio in the documentation for its Mainframe tape drives. Sony uses a 2.6:1 ratio for SAIT). See LTO-DC below.

The units for data capacity and data transfer rates generally follow the "decimal" SI prefix convention (eg. mega = 10^6) and not the binary prefix convention (eg. mega = 2^20).

Minimum and maximum reading and writing speeds are drive dependent.

[edit] Positioning times

While specifications vary somewhat between different drives, a typical LTO-3 drive will have a maximum rewind time of about 80 seconds and an average access time (from beginning of tape) of about 50 seconds[18].[dead link] Note that due to the serpentine writing, rewinding often takes less time than the maximum. If a tape is written to full capacity, there is no rewind time, since the last pass is a reverse pass leaving the head at the beginning of the tape.

[edit] Tape durability

15 to 30 years archival.[19][20]

5000 cartridge loads/unloads [20]

Approximately 260 full file passes. (One file pass is equal to writing enough data to fill an entire tape.)[19]

The following durability figures are quoted from Imation corporation's 2008 tape specifications:[21]

General specifications | Lifetime Tape Durability | Approximate years of life assuming..
Tape type | Native capacity | Total tracks | Tracks written per pass | Passes to write entire tape | Total end-to-end passes | Entire-tape reads/writes | ... one entire tape written per MONTH | ... one entire tape written per WEEK
LTO-1 | 100 GB | 384 | 8 | 48 | 9600 | 200 | 17 | 4
LTO-2 | 200 GB | 512 | 8 | 64 | 16000 | 250 | 21 | 5
LTO-3 | 400 GB | 704 | 16 | 44 | 16000 | 364 | 30 | 7
LTO-4 | 800 GB | 896 | 16 | 56 | 11200 | 200 | 17 | 4
LTO-5 | 1500 GB | 1280 | 16 | 80 | - | - | - | -

There is a large amount of lifespan variability in actual use:

Regularly writing only 50% capacity of the tape results in half as many end-to-end tape passes for each scheduled backup, and doubles the tape lifespan.

LTO uses an automatic verify-after-write technology to immediately check the data as it is being written,[22] but some backup systems explicitly perform a completely separate tape reading operation to verify the tape was written correctly. This separate verify operation doubles the number of end-to-end passes for each scheduled backup, and reduces the tape life by half.

[edit] Technical features

[edit] Leader pin

Leader pin on the end of a length of LTO tape

The tape inside an LTO cartridge is wound around a single reel. The end of the tape is attached to a perpendicular leader pin that is used by an LTO drive to reliably grasp the end of the tape and mount it in a take-up reel inside the drive. When a cartridge is not in a drive, the pin is held in place at the opening of the cartridge with a small spring.

A common reason for a cartridge failing to load into a drive is the misplacement of the leader pin as a result of the cartridge having been dropped. The plastic slot where the pin is normally held is deformed by the drop and the leader pin is no longer in the position that the drive expects it to be.

Older tape technologies used different means to load tape onto a take-up reel. Some 9 track tape drives used a burst of air against the spinning reel to automatically separate and grasp the loose end of the tape. This worked without a leader pin. DLT tapes have a hole punched in the end of the tape that a drive can use to grasp the end of the tape.

[edit] Linear Tape File System

The Linear Tape File System (LTFS) is a self-describing tape format and file system, which uses an XML schema architecture for ease of understanding & use.

It allows:

Files and directories to appear on desktop and directory listings

Drag-and-drop files to/from tape

File level access to data

Supports data exchange

With LTFS tape media can be used in a fashion like other removable media (USB flash drive, External hard disk drive, etc.) It was first introduced with IBM LTO Gen5 drive

[edit] LTO-CM

LTO-CM

Every LTO cartridge has a Cartridge Memory chip inside it. It is made up of 256 (128 on LTO1,2,3) blocks of memory, where each block is 32 Bytes for a total of 8 KB (4 KB on LTO1,2,3). This memory can be read and/or written, 1 block at a time, via a non contacting passive RF interface. This memory is used to identify tapes, to help drives discriminate between different generations of the technology, and to store tape-use information.

Every LTO drive has a CM Reader in it. The non-contact interface has a range of 20 mm.[23] External readers are available, both built into tape libraries and PC Based. One such reader, Veritape, connects by USB to a PC and integrates with analytical software to evaluate the quality of tapes.[24] This device is also rebranded as the Spectra MLM Reader[25] and the Maxell LTO Cartridge Memory Analyzer[26].

[edit] Tape layout

LTO Ultrium tape is laid out with 4 wide data bands sandwiched between 5 narrow servo bands. The data bands are numbered 3,1,0,2 across the tape and are filled individually, in numeric order. The head unit straddles the 2 servo bands that border the data band that is being written or read. The servo bands are used to keep the head precisely aligned within the data band.

Data tracks are written in forward and reverse passes, also called wraps. It takes several wraps to completely fill a data band. All of the write elements in the head write simultaneously as the head passes over the data band from the physical start of the tape to the physical end. This makes one forward wrap. At the end, the head shifts to line up the write elements with a new set of tracks within the same data band. It is now ready to make a reverse wrap. All tracks written by the same write element in the same direction are grouped together. This leads to a set of serpentine patterns in each data band. To determine the number of passes required to fill up a tape, divide the total number of tracks by the number of write elements. For example, an LTO-2 tape requires 64 passes.

The block structure of the tape is logical so inter block gaps, file marks, tape marks and so forth take only a few bytes each. In LTO-1 this logical structure has CRC codes and compression added to create blocks of 403884 bytes. Another chunk of 468 bytes of information (including statistics and information about the drive that wrote the data and when it was written) is then added to create a 'dataset'. Finally error correction bytes are added to bring the total size of the dataset to 491520 bytes before it is written in a specific format across the eight heads. The formats for LTO-2 and LTO-3 are similar.

[edit] WORM

New for LTO-3 is Write Once Read Many (WORM) capability. This is normally only useful for legal record keeping. An LTO-3 drive will not erase or overwrite data on a WORM cartridge, but will read it. An LTO-3 WORM Cartridge is identical to a normal LTO-3 tape cartridge except its LTO-CM chip identifies it to the drive as WORM and the servo track is slightly different to allow verification that data has not been modified, and may come with tamper proof screws.[27] WORM capable drives immediately recognize WORM cartridges and include a unique WORM ID with every dataset written to the tape. There is nothing different about the tape medium in a WORM cartridge. Typically the WORM cartridges have a different color packaging.

[edit] Cartridges

LTO-2 Cartridge with the top shell removed, showing the internal components

Compliance-Verified licensed manufacturers of LTO technology media are EMTEC, Imation, Fujifilm, Maxell, TDK and Sony.[28] All other brands of media are manufactured by these companies under contract. Since its bankruptcy in 2003, EMTEC no longer manufactures LTO media products. Verbatim[29] and Quantegy[30] both licensed LTO technology, but never manufactured their own compliance-verified media.

[edit] Cartridge colors

HP's Dark Red LTO-2 cartridge

The colors of LTO Ultrium cartridge shells are somewhat standardized. HP is the notable exception.

Vendor | UCC | LTO-1 | LTO-2 | LTO-3 | LTO-4
Compliance-verified media vendors
EMTEC | Black | Black | Purple | |
FujiFilm | | Black | Purple | Slate-Blue | Green
Imation | | Black | Purple | Blue-Gray | Teal
Maxell | Gray | Black | Purple | Blue-Gray | Teal
Sony | | Black | Purple | Gray | Green
TDK | Gray | Black | Purple | Blue-Gray | Blue-Green
Other vendors
DELL | | | | Blue-Gray | Teal
HP | Orange | Blue | Dark Red | Yellow | Green
IBM | Black | Black | Purple | Slate Blue | Green
Overland | | | | | Teal
Quantum | Black | Black | Purple | Blue | Dk Purple
RPS | | Black | Purple | |
StorageTek | | | Purple | | Green
Tandberg | Grey | Black | Purple | Blue-Gray |
Verbatim | | Black | Purple | Blue-Gray |

UCC means Universal Cleaning Cartridge, which works with all drives.

Different manufactures use different names for the same color sometimes. The names in the table above come from each manufacturers' own documentation.

WORM (Write Once, Read Many) cartridges are two-tone, the top half of the shell is the normal color of that generation for that manufacturer, and the bottom half of the shell is a light gray.

[edit] Labels

The LTO cartridge label uses the bar code symbology of USS-39. A description and definition is available from the Automatic Identification Manufacturers (AIM) specification Uniform Symbol Specification (USS-39) and the ANSI MH10.8M-1993 ANSI Barcode specification.

[edit] Erasing

Main article: degaussing

The magnetic servo tracks on the tape are factory encoded. Using a bulk eraser (or otherwise exposing the cartridge to a strong magnetic field) will erase the servo tracks along with the data tracks, rendering the cartridge unusable.

[edit] Mechanisms

HP Half-Height LTO drive in an enclosure for desktop use

Current Compliance-Verified licensed manufacturers of LTO technology mechanisms are IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Quantum, and Tandberg Storage.[28]

[edit] Cleaning

Although keeping a tape drive clean is important, normal cleaning cartridges are abrasive and frequent use will shorten the drive's lifespan. HP LTO Gen.1 drives have a cleaning strategy[31] that will prevent the drive from actually using the cleaning tape if it is not needed. There is an internal mechanism that also handles cleaning tasks based on error rate criteria and time. The internal tape head cleaner is also activated when the cleaning cartridge is loaded. HP LTO Gen 2,3,4 using a Universal Cleaning Cartridge will always clean when a cleaning cartridge is inserted, irrespective of whether the drive requires cleaning or not[31].

[edit] Compression

The LTO specification describes a Data Compression method LTO-DC, also called Streaming Lossless Data Compression (SLDC)[32]. It is very similar to the algorithm ALDC[33] which is a variation of LZS (a patent-encumbered algorithm controlled by Hi/Fn[34]).

The primary difference between ALDC and SLDC is that SLDC does not apply the compression algorithm to uncompressible data (i.e. data that is already compressed or sufficiently random to defeat the compression algorithm). Every block of data written to tape has a header bit indicating whether the block is compressed or raw. For each block of data that the algorithm works on, it saves a copy of the raw data. After applying the compression function to the data, the algorithm compares the "compressed" data block to the raw data block in memory and writes the smaller of the two to tape. Every data compression algorithm will end up increasing the size of some inputs. The extra bit used by SLDC to differentiate between raw and compressed blocks effectively places an upper bound on this data expansion.

LTO-DC achieves an approximately 2:1 compression ratio when applied to the Calgary Corpus. This is inferior to slower algorithms such as gzip, but similar to lzop and the high speed algorithms built into other tape drives. It should be noted that plain text, raw images, and database files (TXT, ASCII, BMP, DBF, etc.) typically compress much better than other types of data stored on computer systems. In contrast, encrypted data and pre-compressed data (PGP, ZIP, JPEG, MPEG, MP3, etc.) would normally increase in size, if data compression was applied. In some cases this data expansion could be as much as 15%. With the SLDC algorithm, this significant expansion is avoided.

[edit] Encryption

The LTO-4 specification added a feature to allow LTO-4 drives to encrypt data before it is written to tape.[35] All LTO-4 drives must be aware of encrypted tapes, but are not required to actually support the encryption process. The algorithm used by LTO-4 is AES-GCM, which is an authenticated, symmetric block cipher. The same key is used to encrypt and decrypt data, and the algorithm can detect tampering with the data.

[edit] Error detection and correction

The tape drives use a strong error correction algorithm that makes data recovery possible when lost data is within one track.[36] When data is written to the tape it is verified by reading it back using the read heads that are positioned just 'behind' the write heads. This allows the drive to write a second copy of any data that fails the verify without the help of the host system.

[edit] Sales figures

The presence of 5 certified media manufacturers and 4 certified mechanism manufacturers has produced a competitive market. This has led to attractive prices for customers and subsequently, high sales volumes for manufacturers. In 2002, LTO out-shipped SDLT by nearly 2 to 1. Sales since then have dominated other "super" formats (SDLT, SAIT).

Year

Drives sold
this year [37]

Total
drives sold
(as of Sept.) [38]

Cartridges
sold
this year

Total
cartridges sold
(as of Sept.) [38]

2001 | | | | 1,000,000
2002 | 175,000 | | |
2003 | 262,000 | 350,000 (July) | |
2004 | 354,000 | | |
2005 | 461,000 | 1,000,000 | | 30,000,000
2006 [39] | | 1,500,000 | | 50,000,000
2007 [40] | | 2,000,000 | | 80,000,000
2008 [41] | | 2,500,000 | | 100,000,000

[edit] References

^ LTO (November 4, 1997). "HP, IBM, And SEAGATE Agree To Establish Open Format Specifications For Enterprise And Network Storage". Press release. http://www.ultrium.com/newsite/html/news_11_04_97.html. Retrieved 2007-10-15.

^ IBM storage history

^ Advanced Research, Exabyte, Matsushita, Mitsumi Electric and Otari License Linear Tape-Open Technology

^ What Happened To Accellis?

^ a b c d e f "Chris Mellor". The Register. 2010-04-15. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/15/lto_new_generations/.

^ a b c "The Linear Tape File System". 2010. http://storageconference.org/2010/Papers/MSST/Pease.pdf.

^ "LTO Technology Generations". The LTO Program. http://www.ultrium.com/technology/generations.html.

^ Matthews, Hywel (2008-01-25). "Ever increasing tape speeds are technical suicide". Data Storage News. TechTarget. http://searchstorage.techtarget.co.uk/news/column/0,294698,sid181_gci1295968,00.html.

^ "LTO-5 Tape Drive User's Guide". Quantum. http://downloads.quantum.com/lto5/6-66786-01_RevA.pdf.

^ LTO (February 12, 2003). "HP, IBM Pass LTO Ultrium Format Generation 2 Mechanism Compliance" (PDF). Press release. http://lto.org/pdf/030212_hp_ibm_gen2_compliance.pdf.

^ LTO (March 27, 2003). "LTO Program Announces LTO Ultrium Generation 2 Compliance-Verified Licenses" (PDF). Press release. http://lto.org/pdf/030327_gen2_compliance_verification.pdf.

^ LTO (November 8, 2004). "Fujifilm, Imation, Maxell, Sony, TDK Pass LTO Ultrium Generation 3 Data Interchange Compliance Testing" (PDF). Press release. http://lto.org/pdf/041108_gen3_compliance_testing.pdf.

^ LTO (April 11, 2007). "HP And IBM Pass Mechanism Compliance Testing For LTO Ultrium Format Generation 4 Tape Drives". Press release. http://lto.org/newsite/html/news_4_11_07.html. Retrieved 2007-10-15.

^ LTO (May 7, 2007). "Fujifilm, Imation, Maxell, Sony and TDK Pass LTO Ultrium Generation 4 Data Interchange Compliance Testing" (PDF). Press release. http://lto.org/pdf/2007-5-7.pdf.

^ Woodie, Alex (2008-02-05). "LTO-5 On Course for 2009". Four Hundred Stuff. IT Jungle. http://www.itjungle.com/fhs/fhs020508-story10.html.

^ Earls, Alan (2009-05-12). "Here comes LTO-5 tape technology, ready or not". SearchDataBackup.com. http://searchdatabackup.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid187_gci1355225,00.html.

^ LTO-5 expected in H1 2010 with 1.6TB - 3.2TB storage

^ Dell PowerVaultTM 110T drive specification. Retrieved 2009-05-16.

^ a b http://nle.ch/dl/LTO.pdf

^ a b http://www.sun.com/storagetek/tape_storage/tape_media/lto/specs.xml

^ http://www.imation.com/support/pdfs/Usage-life-of-Imation-media_2008.pdf

^ http://www.lto.org/technology/primer3.html

^ Fujitsu Cartridge Memory documentation

^ [1]

^ Spectra MLM Reader

^ Maxell LTO Cartridge Memory Analyzer

^ HP Forum: LTO 3 WORM info

^ a b LTO Compliance-Verified Licencees

^ LTO (August 3, 1998). "EMTEC, IMATION, and VERBATIM License Linear Tape-Open Technology" (PDF). Press release. http://lto.org/pdf/980803.pdf.

^ LTO (October 21, 1998). "Linear Tape-Open (LTO) Technology Continues Licensee Momentum with Signing of Fujitsu and Quantegy" (PDF). Press release. http://lto.org/pdf/981021.pdf.

^ a b HP cleaning strategy

^ ECMA 321 – Specification of SLDC

^ IBM ALDC documentation

^ Patent claim by Hi/Fn

^ HP LTO-4 encryption whitepaper, p11

^ Maxell tape specs

^ Freeman Reports

^ a b LTO consortium press releases

^ LTO (September 25, 2006). "LTO Ultrium Format Maintains Momentum With More Than 1,500,000 Tape Drives And 50,000,000 Cartridges Shipped". Press release. http://lto.org/newsite/html/news_9_25_06.html. Retrieved 2007-10-15.

^ LTO (September 5, 2007). "More than 2,000,000 LTO Ultrium Format Tape Drives and 80,000,000 Cartridges Shipped" (PDF). Press release. http://lto.org/pdf/2007_09-05%20LTO_Hits_New_Milestones.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-13.

^ LTO (September 3, 2008). "LTO Ultrium Format Reaches New Heights With Over 100 Million Cartridges Shipped" (PDF). Press release. http://lto.org/pdf/LTO%20100%20Million%20Cartridge%20Milestone.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-10.

[edit] External links

IBM's LTO Redbook – IBM System Storage Tape Library Guide for Open Systems

Linear Tape Open – Consortium Homepage

ECMA 319 – Specification of Ultrium 1

IBM LTO Ultrium Cartridge Label Specification, Revision 3

An online generator for LTO barcode labels

[edit] See also

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Linear Tape-Open

Magnetic tape

Tape drive

Tape library

Data compression

v • d • e

Magnetic tape data storage formats

Linear

Three quarter inch (19 mm)

TX-2 Tape System (1958) · LINCtape (1962) · DECtape (1963)

Half inch (12.65 mm)

UNISERVO (1951) · IBM 7 track (1952) · 9 track (1964) · IBM 3480 (1984) · DLT (1984) · IBM 3590 (1995) · T9840 (1998) · T9940 (2000) · LTO Ultrium (2000) · IBM 3592 (2003) · T10000 (2006)

Eight millimeter (8 mm)

Travan (1995) · IBM 3570 MP (1997) · ADR (1999)

Quarter inch (6.35 mm)

QIC (1972) · SLR (1986) · Ditto (1992)

Eighth inch (3.81 mm)

KC Standard, Compact Cassette (1975) · HP DC100 (1976) · Commodore Datasette (1977) · DECtapeII (1979)

Stringy (1.58–1.9 mm)

Exatron Stringy Floppy (1979) · ZX Microdrive (1983) · Rotronics Wafadrive (1984)

Helical

Three quarter inch (19 mm)

Sony DIR (19xx) · Ampex DST (1992)

Half inch (12.65 mm)

Redwood SD-3 (1995) · DTF (19xx) · SAIT (2003)

Eight millimeter (8 mm)

Data8 (1987) · Mammoth (1994) · AIT (1996) · VXA (1999)

Eighth inch (3.81 mm)

DDS/DAT (1989)

v • d • e

Standards of Ecma International

AIT · ANSI escape code · C++/CLI · C# · CD-ROM · CDFS · CLI · DDS · DLT · E4X · ECMAScript · Eiffel · FAT · FD · HVD · NFC · Office Open XML · OpenXPS · Super DLT · U3D · UDF · UDO · Ultrium-1 · UMD · UWB · VXA

List of Ecma standards

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open"

Categories: Computer storage tape media | Ecma standards

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